The difference between HIV and AIDS

by Ann K. Avery, MD
By: Ann K. Avery, MD, Infectious Disease Physician at MetroHealth Medical Center

Alright, let’s clear something up once and for all! ✋ A lot of people think HIV and AIDS are the same thing, but turns out, they aren’t exactly like one another. Understanding the difference between HIV and AIDS is super important—not just for those living with HIV, but for everyone.

The more we know, the less stigma there is, and the better we can support each other. 🤗 So, let’s break it down in a way that makes sense.

What is HIV?

HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It’s a virus that attacks the immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (also called T cells), which help your body fight infections. Without treatment, HIV can make it harder for your body to stay healthy. But here’s the key: having HIV does NOT mean you have AIDS—not even close!

The HIV virus is manageable with the right treatment. Thanks to antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV can keep the virus under control, stay healthy, and live long, full lives. Plus, if their viral load becomes undetectable, they can’t pass the virus to others through sex (yep, you read that right!).

What is AIDS?

AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It’s the most advanced stage of HIV—but here’s the good news: with today’s treatments, most people with HIV never develop AIDS.

AIDS happens when HIV has weakened the immune system so much that the body has trouble fighting off infections and diseases. This occurs if someone doesn’t get tested and on treatment, early along in the process. AIDS can also happen when someone with HIV doesn’t take their medicine. . That’s why with today’s medications, people diagnosed with HIV can often completely avoid AIDS.. and why being on ART is so important!

The biggest difference between HIV and AIDS

HIV is a virus. AIDS is a condition that can happen if HIV isn’t treated.

  • You can have HIV without ever developing AIDS (thanks to treatment!).
  • But you can’t have AIDS without first having HIV.

It’s like this: imagine HIV is a garden with weeds. 🌱 If you catch the weeds early and pull them out (treatment), your garden stays healthy and strong. But if you ignore them, they can spread and take over, making it harder for your plants to thrive—kind of like how untreated HIV can lead to AIDS.

What happens if HIV turns into AIDS?

If HIV isn’t treated and progresses to AIDS, the immune system gets weaker. This makes it harder for the body to fight off infections and certain cancers. People with AIDS might get illnesses that wouldn’t normally be a big deal for someone with a healthy immune system.

Either way, with today’s treatments, people with HIV who take their meds can live long, healthy, and happy lives. 🌟 And, even if someone’s HIV has progressed to AIDS, treatment is still the key to getting healthier.

Doctors will want to keep a closer eye on things, though, and that’s totally normal! Much of the designation between AIDS and HIV is based on how doctors approach treatment. Since people with AIDS are more susceptible to opportunistic infections, doctors take that into account. They sometimes will prescribe antibiotics to prevent these infections in people with AIDS, too.

How to prevent HIV from turning into AIDS

I know we’ve said it before but we’ll say it again: with early detection and proper care, HIV doesn’t have to progress to AIDS.

Here’s what you can do to stay on top of your health:

  1. Get tested – The sooner you know your status, the sooner you can take control of your health. Testing is quick, easy, and free in many places. 🩺
  2. Start treatment ASAP – If you test positive, starting ART (antiretroviral therapy) early is key. These meds keep the virus under control and your immune system strong. 💊
  3. Stay on treatment – Taking your meds consistently keeps your viral load low (or even undetectable!), which means you stay healthy and can’t pass HIV to others. 🗓️
  4. Take care of your overall health – Eating well, exercising, and managing stress can help your immune system stay strong. 🥦🏋💆
  5. Use PrEP or PEP if needed – If you don’t have HIV but are at risk, PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) can prevent infection. And if you think you’ve been exposed, PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) can help if taken within 72 hours. 🛡️

Breaking the stigma

A lot of the fear around HIV comes from not understanding the difference between HIV and AIDS. But the truth is, HIV is manageable. The more we talk about it, the less stigma there is—and the easier it is for people to get tested, get treatment, and live their best lives.

If you or someone you love is living with HIV, know that there’s a whole community of support waiting for you. The Positive Peers app is a place to connect with others who truly get it. The app offers resources, community support, and a safe space to talk about your experiences.

💜 Download the Positive Peers app today and join a community that’s here to lift you up!